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I'm running into a problem getting access to the calendar app in NextCloud 11 via Hiawatha, and I'm hoping someone can shed some light on what might be going wrong. I've been using Hiawatha successfully with NextCloud in every other way, including with WebDAV access, which works fine.

My setup mimics those of other posters here. Extract follows:

MinTLSversion = TLS1.0

UrlToolkit {
        ToolkitID = nextCloud
        Match ^/\.well-known/host-meta(\?(.*))? Rewrite /public.php?service=host-meta&$2
        Match ^/\.well-known/host-meta\.json(\?(.*))? Rewrite /public.php?service=host-meta-json&$2
        Match ^/\.well-known/carddav Rewrite /remote.php/dav/
        Match ^/\.well-known/caldav Rewrite /remote.php/dav/
        Match ^/remote/([^?]*)(\?.*)? Rewrite /remote.php$2
        Match ^/index.php/([^?]*)(\?.*)? Rewrite /index.php$2
        Match ^/.well-known/acme-challenge/.* Return
}

VirtualHost {
        Hostname = myHost.com
        EnforceFirstHostname = yes
        RequiredBinding = BaseHTTPS
        RequireTLS = yes,15768000
        WebsiteRoot = /var/www/nextcloud
        StartFile = index.html
        Alias /nextcloud:/var/www/nextcloud
        UseToolkit = nextCloud
        AccessLogfile = /var/log/hiawatha/access.log
        ErrorLogfile = /var/log/hiawatha/error.log
        TimeForCGI = 1200
        UseFastCGI = PHP7
        WebDAVapp = yes
        EnablePathInfo = yes
        AllowDotFiles = yes
        ShowIndex = no
        FollowSymlinks = yes
}

Both NextCloud and the calendar app are installed at the latest versions (11.0.2 and 1.5.2, respectively, if I recall correctly). When I try to create a CalDAV connection from an iPhone, it comes back with a "cannot connect" error.

The Hiawatha logs show as follows. From Hiawatha's access.log:

xxx.xx.x.22 - - [19/Apr/2017:11:38:43 +0100] "PROPFIND /.well-known/caldav HTTP/1.1" 500 1461
xxx.xx.x.22 - - [19/Apr/2017:11:38:43 +0100] "PROPFIND / HTTP/1.1" 405 1086
xxx.xx.x.22 - - [19/Apr/2017:11:38:43 +0100] "PROPFIND /principals/ HTTP/1.1" 405 1108
xxx.xx.x.22 - - [19/Apr/2017:11:38:43 +0100] "PROPFIND /calendar/dav/emmanuel/user/ HTTP/1.1" 405 1108

From Hiawatha's error.log:

xxx.xx.x.22|Wed 19 Apr 2017 11:38:43 +0100|/var/www/nextcloud/remote.php|CGI returned 500 Internal Error

When I check using a web browser, URLs like the following appear to return proper sabre/dav responses:
https://myHost.com/remote.php/dav/public-calendars/

But I get an "app not installed" response if from a web browser I try:
https://myHost.com/.well-known/caldav

Any ideas what may be going wrong?

The CGI app returned a 500, so something goes wrong in the application, not in Hiawatha. You better ask the Nextcloud developers for help. It's probably because Nextcloud expects something that is Apache-only.